http://www.democracynow.org/2012/4/30/ahead_of_may_day_david_harvey
Πηγή: democracy now
On Tuesday, May
1st, known as May Day or International Workers' Day, Occupy Wall Street
protesters hope to mobilize tens of thousands of people across the
country under the slogan, "General Strike. No Work. No Shopping. Occupy
Everywhere." Events are planned in 125 cities. We speak with leading
social theorist David Harvey, distinguished professor of anthropology at
the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, about how
Occupy Wall Street compares to other large-scale grassroots movements
throughout modern history. "It's struck a chord," Harvey says of the
Occupy movement. "I hope tomorrow there will be a situation in which
many more people will say, 'Look, things have got to change. Something
different has to happen.'" Harvey's most recent book is "Rebel Cities:
From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution."
Rush Transcript
AMY GOODMAN:
Tuesday is May Day, May 1st, also known as International Workers' Day, a
holiday that celebrates workers' rights and achievements of organized
labor, such as the eight-hour workday. This year, the Occupy Wall Street
campaign is hoping to mobilize tens of thousands of people across the
country under the general slogan, "General Strike. No Work. No Shopping.
Occupy Everywhere". Events are planned in 125 cities. The Occupy
campaign plans to protest in 99 targets alone in Midtown Manhattan,
including the offices of JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America.
Activists
gathered last Thursday in New York City's Union Square to announce plans
for the massive May Day protest that will include immigrant groups,
workers' unions, members of Occupy Wall Street. Chris Silvera is
Secretary-[Treasurer] of Teamsters Local 808.
CHRIS SILVERA: We
want the immigrant community. We want Teamsters. We want laborers. We
want the RSDWU. We want the United Food and Commercial Workers. This is a
day that should be represented by hundreds of thousands marching like
they did in 1886. We have to turn back the clock on Mr. Romney, on Mr.
Obama, on the Congress, on Mario Cuomo, on Bloomberg. And the 99 percent
has to get their share.
AMY GOODMAN:
Well, to talk more about May Day and the Occupy campaign, we're joined
by leading social theorist, David Harvey, distinguished professor of
anthropology at the Graduate Center of City University of New York. He
has been teaching Karl Marx's Capital for nearly 40 years, is the author
of a number of books, including The Limits to Capital and A Brief
History of Neoliberalism_. His most recent book is called Rebel Cities:
From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution_.
Explain, David Harvey.
DAVID HARVEY: I'm
trying to look at the history of urban uprisings. And actually, if you
look at the situation around the world right now, you see examples in
Berlin. You see them in Cairo. You see them going on with the indignados
movement in Spain, and of course in Greece. And you see them in Chile.
And in recent years, we've seen uprisings in places like Los Angeles 20
years ago. And so, this—and I'm interested in the sort of political
significance of these movements. And I think, in some ways, Occupy Wall
Street is in that tradition.
And tomorrow's
actions, which are going to be decentralized all over the city, in a way
is saying, "Let's take back the city and call it our city, instead of
being the city that belongs to the 1 percent." And so, it's a bit like
saying, "Let's have our city, and we'll make it our city." And, of
course, one of the instances where that happened most emphatically was
back in the Paris Commune of 1871. And so, I wanted—
AMY GOODMAN: What was the Paris Commune of 1871?
DAVID HARVEY: The
Paris Commune was an uprising against the government in an attempt to
create an alternative form of urban governance in Paris in 1871 under
conditions of war and the like. And, of course, it was ruthlessly
suppressed, as we see going on in Syria right now, in Homs, in fact, so
that—so these urban movements can sometimes work, and sometimes they get
savagely repressed.
AMY GOODMAN: Moving forward from the Paris Commune, you talk about the right to the city. What does that mean?
DAVID HARVEY: The
right to the city means—who has the right to New York City? Who can
affect things here? Who can really change life here? And when we talk
about the power of the 1 percent, we're talking about an extremely
powerful group that actually dominates much of investment in the city,
much of rebuilding of the city. We have a billionaire mayor who allies
with them. But it's hardly a city that is run by Picture the Homeless or
the impoverished population. So, in claiming the right—in reclaiming
the right to the city, what we're really trying to talk about is the way
in which ordinary people can affect urban life and define a different
kind of urban environment in which they're going to live.
AMY GOODMAN:
Earlier this month, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg compared the
city council's living wage bill to communism. The bill would raise
workers' wages at city-subsidized developments. Bloomberg made the
comment in an interview on WOR radio.
MAYOR MICHAEL
BLOOMBERG: If you think about it, the last time you really had a big
managed economy was the USSR, and that didn't work out so well. You
cannot stop the tides from coming in. We need jobs in the city. It would
be great if all jobs in the city paid a lot of money and had great
benefits for the workers—not good for the employers—but if you force
that, you will just drive businesses out of the city.
AMY GOODMAN: That was Mayor Bloomberg. David Harvey?
DAVID HARVEY:
That's the usual story. But look at the situation. The top 1 percent in
New York City earns—on income tax returns, earns something like $3.75
million a year. That's what the top 1 percent earns, on average. There
are 34,000 households, nearly 100,000 people, who are trying to live in
the city on $10,000 a year. Half of the population of New York City is
trying to live on $30,000 a year. This is—the levels of inequality in
the city are absolutely stunning, and they've increased immensely since
the 1970s.
And then
[inaudible] say, who dominates urban life? Who dominates the decisions?
Well, it's the 1 percent. And so, I think what Occupy Wall Street and
the rest is saying is that we only have one form of power, which is
people on the streets, actions in the streets. We don't have the power
to dominate the media. We don't have the power, the money power, to
dominate politics. And this is the situation we are in. So Occupy Wall
Street is trying to give a different mode of political expression to
politics as usual.
AMY GOODMAN: The
Occupy movement has faced increasingly brutal police responses. In
November, Democracy Now! spoke to Stephen Graham, who wrote Cities Under
Siege: The New Military Urbanism, which looks at the increasing
influence of military technology on domestic police forces.
STEPHEN GRAHAM:
Well, there's been a longstanding shift in North America and Europe
towards paramilitarized policing, using helicopter-style systems, using
infrared sensing, using really, really heavy militarized weaponry.
That's been longstanding, fueled by the war on drugs and other sort of
explicit campaigns. But more recently, there's been a big push since the
end of the Cold War by the big defense and security and IT companies to
sell things like video surveillance systems, things like geographic
mapping systems, and even more recently, drone systems, that have been
used in the assassination raids in Afghanistan and in Pakistan and
elsewhere, as sort of a domestic policing technology.
AMY GOODMAN:
That's Stephen Graham, who wrote Cities Under Siege: The New Military
Urbanism. You know, we have a law, Posse Comitatus, that says soldiers
can't march in the streets, but it seems the way authorities get around
this is simply by militarizing the police. Professor Harvey?
DAVID HARVEY:
Yes, this is—but I take this as a sign of how nervous the 1 percent is. I
mean, we've gone through this crisis, and effectively, the 1 percent
has done very well out of this crisis. Nobody has gone to jail for all
of the things that we know went wrong. And I think the 1 percent is
rather terrified that actually people will start listening to the
rhetoric of Occupy Wall Street. And to some degree, people already have,
because the conversation has shifted a little bit towards the question
of social inequality and poverty. And I think that the repressive moves
of the police are not just simply in New York City, but across the
nation. It seems almost to be coordinated, seems to me to be almost a
direct line of instruction from, you know, the JPMorgans of this world
and all of the rich folk to kind of say, "You've got to keep these
people quiet, you've got to squash it in the bud. In the bud."
AMY GOODMAN: And the police did end all of the encampments.
DAVID HARVEY: And
the police have been doing it. And I think Occupy Wall Street is taking
some inspiration, it seems to me, from the courage of the people in
Tahrir Square or in Bahrain and all the rest of it, to say, "Look,
things have to change. And we're going to try to make this change come
about in a peaceful way." I mean, this is, again, one of the signal
things it's about. This is a peaceful form of demonstration, and it has
been ruthlessly sometimes turned into a police riot.
AMY GOODMAN: You talk about the creation of the urban commons.
DAVID HARVEY:
Yes. Well, amazing thing about New York City, for example, is there are
all these public spaces, but is there a public space where we can set up
the equivalence of the Athenian Agora and have a political discussion?
And the answer to that is no. You have to apply for, you know, all kinds
of permits, and it's highly regulated. So the public space is not
really open to the public. A lot of it is now, of course, turned into
flower beds, and so we have a great place for the assemblage of tulips
and so on, but we don't have a place where people can assemble. And so,
one of the things we're going to try to do tomorrow is to set up places
of assembly where we can talk about things. So there's a sort of a free
university in Madison Square Park. I'm going to be participating in
that. Then many other actions of that kind, one aim of which is to try
to liberate spaces in the city where we can have political discussions
and where we can have open political dialogue.
AMY GOODMAN: You talk about the party of Wall Street meeting its nemesis.
DAVID HARVEY:
Well, I think Occupy Wall Street has really been onto something. It's
struck a chord. And the big—and I talked about the repression of it,
but—and I think the chord it struck is, in effect, measured by the speed
and fierceness of the repressive moves that have been taken. So I think
it's beginning to be listened to, and I hope tomorrow there will be a
situation in which many more people will say, "Look, things have got to
change. Something different has to happen."
AMY GOODMAN:
Finally, the art of rent. There is a big anti-foreclosure movement all
over this country. In Minneapolis, there is a protest right now—
DAVID HARVEY: Right.
AMY GOODMAN: —happening to prevent another foreclosure. Why do refer to the "art of rent"?
DAVID HARVEY:
Well, one of the things that's happened is the attempt to turn cultural
activities into industries to try to commodify history, and you get a
sort of commodified form of history. And that allows people to claim
that this is a very unique configuration. So, there's an attempt to
create something very, very special, to which tourists are drawn, and
then that gives you what I call "monopoly rent," that the uniqueness of
cultural configuration is being commodified. But as you know, with the
environmental—
AMY GOODMAN: Five seconds.
DAVID HARVEY: —commons and everything else, the tendency is for the uniqueness actually to be destroyed by commercialization.
AMY GOODMAN: Professor David Harvey, thank you for joining us.
DAVID HARVEY: Thank you.
AMY GOODMAN: We'll put part two on our website. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution.
